Agricultural

Communication

Biosci. Biotech. Res. Comm. 9(3): 512-516 (2016)

Impact of different crop geometries and depths of

planting on growth and yield of rice in system of rice

intensi cation

Archana Rajput

, Satyakumari Sharma*

Sujit Singh Rajput

and Grish Jha

1,4

Department of Agronomy, J.N.K.V.V., Jabalpur (M.P.)

Department of Food technology, J.N.K.V.V., Jabalpur (M.P.)

Department of Agronomy, J.A.U., Junagadh (Gujarat)

ABSTRACT

Field experiments were conducted during the kharif seasons of 2010-11 and 2011-12 at Krishi Nagar farm, Depart-

ment of Agronomy, JNKVV Jabalpur (Madhya Pradesh) to study the different crop geometries and depths of planting

on growth and yield of rice in system of rice intensi cation. The results revealed that the 30 cm × 30 cm planting

geometry had superiority in various parameters viz; growth parameter, yield and yield attributes, which were signi -

cantly in uenced by plant geometry and depth of planting. Rice variety MR-219 with shallow depth of planting (2.5

cm) had markedly superior growth parameters viz., number of tillers/m2 at harvest. Almost all the yield and yield

attributing characters viz; test weight, harvest index, grain and straw yields were superior with the MR-219 variety

and shallow depth of planting. The results revealed that growth parameters, viz. number of tillers/m2at harvest was

superior at 20 cm × 20 cm planting geometry as compared to other planting geometries. All growth parameters were

signi cantly superior in MR-219 which resulted in production of more 1000-test weight and sterility percentage and

higher yield as comparison to WGL-32100 and PS-3.MR-219 (6.94 t/ha) proved signi cantly superior to WGL-32100

(6.32 t/ha) and PS-3 (6.02 t/ha) with regard to grain yield, when planted at shallow depth with 25 cm × 25 cm plant

geometry. Interaction between varieties and planting geometry on the grain yields was found signi cant. The variety

MR-219 had signi cantly more grain yield at 25 cm × 25 cm, straw yield at 20 cm x 20 cm and 1000-test weight at

30 cm x 30 cm compared to other planting geometries.

KEY WORDS: CROP, GEOMETRIES, GROWTH, RICE YIELD, INTENSIFICATION

512

ARTICLE INFORMATION:

*Corresponding Author: satya.sharma77@yahoo.com

Received 1

July, 2016

Accepted after revision 13

Sep, 2016

BBRC Print ISSN: 0974-6455

Online ISSN: 2321-4007

Thomson Reuters ISI ESC and Crossref Indexed Journal

NAAS Journal Score 2015: 3.48 Cosmos IF : 4.006

reserved.

Online Contents Available at: http//www.bbrc.in/

Archana Rajput et al.

INTRODUCTION

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the most important cereal food

crop of the developing world and the staple food of more

than 3 billion people or more than half of the world’s

population. India is considered to be one of the original

centers of rice cultivation, and mostly cultivated state

West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh and Pun-

jab, production 104.32 MT of rice with an average pro-

ductivity of 3.06 t ha

-1.

The poor farmers are losing inter-

est in rice cultivation as factor productivity is declining.

Hence, there is a need to increase the productivity of rice

using reduced inputs and resources to feed the burgeon-

ing population (Das et al. 2009, Shobarani et al. 2010

and irri.org, 2015).

Around 65% of the total population in India eat

rice and it accounts for 40% of their food production.

India is the world’s second largest producer of white

rice, accounting for 20% of all world rice production.

Rice-based production systems provide the main source

of income and employment for more than 50 million

households. Rice production in India is an important

part of the national economy. Among the different agro-

nomic practices, planting geometry and depth of plant-

ing play a vital role in achieving higher yield levels of

improved varieties of rice. It is because the proper dis-

tributions of crop plant per unit area and ef cient utili-

zation of available nutrient and other resources as well

as environment. In this context, new technologies like

SRI and ICM appears to have potential that saves inputs,

protects the environment and could improve productiv-

ity and soil health, (Satyanarayana et al. 2006 and Bal-

asubramanian et al. 2007, Sarwar et al. 2014 and Kumar

et al. 2016). Therefore the present experiment was con-

ducted for studying the physiological parameters in the

optimum planting geometries, improved varieties under

depths of planting for getting maximum yield of rice.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The experiment was conducted at research farm of

Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur

(Madhya Pradesh) during kharif season of 2010-11 and

2011-12. The three different planting geometries i.e., 20

x 20 cm

, 25 x 25 cm

and 30 x 30 cm

between hills

and rows were kept for growing the crop and to identify

their effect on grain yield parameters. Three varieties

of rice (MR-219, WGL-32100 and PS-3) and two depths

of planting shallow (2.5 cm) and normal (5.0 cm). The

layout of the trial was split-split plot design with three

replications having planting geometry as main plots,

varieties as sub plot treatments and depths of plant-

ing shallow and normal as sub-sub plot treatments. The

area of each plot was 3 x 7m

. Seedlings were trans-

planted with an average of one seedling per hill in the

SRI method of planting. Application of 10 t FYM/ha was

given uniformly to all the plots before  nal puddling

and leveling. Fertilizer with a uniform dose of 120: 60:

40 kg per hectare N, P and K through urea, DAP and

MOP was applied in all the plots. Half dose of nitrogen

and full dose phosphorus and potassium were applied as

basal application just before transplanting. The remain-

ing half dose of nitrogen was applied in two split doses

at tillering and panicle initiation stages.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

EFFECT ON GROWTH PARAMETERS

Plant density is an important agronomic factor that

greatly in uences the micro climate of the  eld and

eventually the yield of agricultural crops. The analysis

of variance resolved that the growth parameters of the

planting geometries. Planting geometry had signi -

cant in uence on growth parameters of system of rice

intensi cation. Results showed that

number of tillers/

was signi cantly higher in wider spacing with 20

cm × 20 cm as compared to wider spacing of 25 cm ×

25 cm and also 30 cm × 30 cm.

These  ndings are in close vicinity with Geethadevi

et al., (2000),

Alam

et al, (2015) and

Baskar

et al.,

(2013). The signi cant reduction of dry weight of plant

with increase in plant geometry might be due to higher

mortality of tillers per hill. Some of the late emerged

tillers are not well develop and even died. Thus, a little

reduction in number of tillers/hill was noted at matu-

rity compared to its preceding stage.

EFFECT ON YIELD AND YIELD ATTRIBUTES

The 1000-grain weight was signi cantly higher in 30

× 30 cm in comparison to 20 × 20 cm and 25 × 25

cm. Similar results have also been obtained by Bari et

al. (1984). Rice MR-219 variety was markedly supe-

rior in various growth attributing characters viz; test

weight and more harvest index over WGL-32100 and

PS-3. The growth parameters and yield attributes sig-

ni cantly greater under shallow depth of planting than

deeper planting depth.

Harvest index showed their non-

signi cant response to different planting geometries,

varieties and depth of planting treatments (Table 1).

The grain yield was signi cantly in uenced by

planting geometries at harvest during both the years.

Result showed that rice varieties had worked effect on

grain yield Thus, the 25 cm x 25 cm planting geom-

etries (6.86 t/ha and 7.00 t/ha) produced signi cantly

higher grain yield in comparison to 20 cm x 20 cm

planting geometries (6.34 t/ha and 6.51 t/ha) and 30

BIOSCIENCE BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS IMPACT OF CROP GEOMETRIES ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF RICE 513

Archana Rajput et al.

Table 1: Effect of planting geometries, varieties and depth of planting on growth and y ield contributing attributes of rice in SRI

Treatments

Number of tillers/m2 at

harvest

Grain yield (t/ha) Straw yield (t/ha) Harvest index (%) 1000-grain weight

2010 2011 Mean 2010 2011 Mean 2010 2011 Mean 2010 2011 Mean 2010 2011 Mean

Planting geometry

S1 - 20 cm x 20 cm 538 544 541 6.34 6.51 6.43 9.53 9.29 9.41 40.06 41.32 40.69 18.9 20.0 19.4

S2 - 25 cm x 25 cm 499 504 502 6.86 7.00 6.93 8.82 9.70 9.26 44.14 41.97 43.05 21.0 22.1 21.6

S3 - 30 cm x 30 cm 312 317 315 5.81 6.04 5.92 8.15 9.19 8.67 41.64 39.89 40.76 22.8 23.9 23.3

SEm ± 5.96 5.79 5.87 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.42 0.21 0.25 1.17 0.50 0.70 0.6 0.6 0.6

CD. at 5% 23.39 22.72 23.05 0.38 0.36 0.37 1.64 0.83 1.00 NS NS 1.95 1.8 1.8 1.8

Variety

V1 - MR-219 511 516 513 6.83 7.05 6.94 9.46 10.71 10.08 42.12 39.74 40.93 23.2 24.2 23.7

V2 - WGL-32100 448 453 450 6.22 6.41 6.31 8.83 8.67 8.75 41.45 42.55 42.00 19.1 20.2 19.7

V3 - PS-3 391 396 394 5.95 6.08 6.02 8.21 8.80 8.51 42.26 40.89 41.58 20.5 21.5 21.0

SEm ± 7.68 7.59 7.64 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.22 0.21 0.14 0.61 0.70 0.50 0.6 0.6 0.6

CD. at 5% 23.66 23.39 23.52 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.69 0.65 0.43 1.33 1.53 1.09 1.3 1.3 1.3

Depths

D1 - Shallow Depth (2.5 cm) 455 461 458 6.49 6.68 6.58 9.11 9.61 9.36 41.79 41.07 41.43 21.5 22.6 22.1

D2 - Normal Depth (5 cm) 444 449 447 6.18 6.36 6.27 8.56 9.17 8.87 42.10 41.05 41.58 20.3 21.4 20.8

SEm ± 5.27 5.26 5.26 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.19 0.15 0.13 0.83 0.44 0.59 0.4 0.4 0.4

CD. at 5% NS NS NS 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.57 0.44 0.39 NS NS NS 0.7 0.7 0.7

514 IMPACT OF CROP GEOMETRIES ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF RICE BIOSCIENCE BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS

BIOSCIENCE BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS IMPACT OF CROP GEOMETRIES ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF RICE 515

Archana Rajput et al.

cm x 30 cm planting geometries (5.81 t/ha and 6.04 t/

ha) during both the years and mean value of pooled

grain yield also higher in 25 cm x 25 cm planting

geometries (6.93 t/ha) produced signi cantly higher

grain yield than 20 x 20 cm planting geometries (6.43

t/ha) and 30 cm x 30 cm planting geometries (5.92 t/

ha) during pooled mean analysis. The grain yield was

signi cantly higher at optimum spacing of 25 cm × 25

cm as compared to 20 cm × 20 cm and 30 × 30 cm,

which might be due to production per hill which may

develop better than higher tillers per hill and number

of plant per m

Ultimately, 20 cm × 20 cm produced

signi cantly higher straw (9.53 and 9.23 t/ha) yields

over 25 cm × 25 cm having straw yield of (8.82 and

9.70 t/ha) and 30 cm × 30 cm having straw yields of

(8.15 and 9.19 t/ha) during both the years.

The results

of present investigation are in close agreements with the

 ndings of Baskar

et al., (2013),

Ahmed

et al., (2015)

and

Alam

et al., (2015).

Harvest index was signi cantly higher at optimum

spacing of 25 × 25 cm in compared to 20 × 20 cm

and 30 × 30 cm which may be due to higher mortal-

ity of tillers per hill in wider spacing and closer spac-

ing which reduced grain ratio in total biological yield.

Similar results have also been obtained by Verma et al

(2002), Mohabbesi et al. (2011) and Deb et al. (2012).

The cumulative effects of superior growth and yield

attributes were  nally re ected in terms of higher grain

yield. Both grain and straw yields were also higher in

the MR-219 over WGL-32100 and PS-3. Ultimately,

MR-219 produced signi cantly higher grain (6.83 and

7.05 t/ha) and straw (9.46 and 10.71 t/ha) yields over

WGL-32100 having grain yield of (6.22 and 6.41 t/ha)

and straw yield of (8.83 and 8.67 t/ha) and

PS-3

hav-

ing grain yield of (5.95 and 6.08 t/ha) and straw yields

of (8.21 and 8.80 t/ha) during both the years.

Further,

harvest index is mainly governed by genetic make-up

of plant that would not be mostly affected by various

practices.

The results of present investigation strongly

support the  ndings of Sreedhar

et al.

(2010), Sridhara

et al.

(2011) and Thakur

et al.

(2009).

The grain yields of rice directly correlated to the

no. of tillers per unit area, NAR and test weight and

other physiological parameters. These growth attribut-

ing characters were signi cantly superior in MR-219

as compared to WGL-32100 and

PS-3

, which attributed

to produce higher grain yield. Thus, rice MR-219 gave

9.94 and 9.98 % more grain yield over WGL-32100

and 14.78 and 15.98 % over

PS-3

, during 2010 and

2011, respectively and MR-219 gave 9.94 % more grain

yield over WGL-32100 and 15.37% over PS-3, during

pooled average analysis. Straw yield of rice is directly

related to growth parameters. viz; number of tillers per

unit area and these growth parameters were superior

in MR-219 may be responsible for the differences in

straw yield in comparison to WGL-32100 and PS-3.

Harvest index (HI) of rice was signi cantly in uenced

due to varieties during both the years.

PS-3

(42.26 and

40.89%) had signi cantly higher HI in compared to

MR-219 (42.12 and 39.74%) and WGL-32100 (41.45

and 42.55%), which may be owing to greater partition-

ing of photosynthesis towards the production of straw

rather than the grain yield (Table 1).

These  ndings are

in close vicinity with Nayak et al. (2003)

and Ogalo S.O.

(2011). The all varieties might have high coef cient for

partitioning of photosynthesis in production of grain

out of the total crop biomass and accordingly the

higher HI was obtained under it. Signi cantly higher

grain yield of rice was obtained under shallow depth

of planting (6.49 and 6.68 t/ha) in compared to normal

depth of planting (6.18 and 6.36 t/ha) during both the

years (Table 1) which may be ascribed to cumulative

effect of growth. Signi cantly higher values of growth

attributing characters viz;

functional leaves/hill, dry

weight of plant/hill

, test weight, and more harvest

index under shallow depth of planting than normal

depth of planting. The shallow depth of planting did

not show signi cant effect on straw yield and harvest

index (HI) during 2010 but during 2011 signi cantly

higher straw yield was obtained under shallow depth

of planting (9.61 t/ha) as compared to normal depth of

planting (9.17 t/ha).

The results are in line with those of

Kumar et al. (2016) and Sarwar et al. (2014).

CONCLUSION

The results revealed that growth parameters, viz. number

of tillers/m

at harvest was superior at 20 cm × 20 cm

planting geometry as compared to other planting geom-

etries. All growth parameters were signi cantly superior

in MR-219 which resulted in production of more 1000-

test weight and sterility percentage and higher yield as

comparison to WGL-32100 and PS-3.MR-219 (6.94 t/

ha) proved signi cantly superior to WGL-32100 (6.32 t/

ha) and PS-3 (6.02 t/ha) with regard to grain yield, when

planted at shallow depth with 25 cm × 25 cm plant geom-

etry. Interaction between varieties and planting geometry

on the grain yields was found signi cant. The variety

MR-219 had signi cantly more grain yield at 25 cm × 25

cm, straw yield at 20 cm x 20 cm and 1000-test weight

at 30 cm x 30 cm compared to other planting geometries.

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